Essay on Ayer, A.J. Freedom and Necessity. - 972 Words

Philosophy 1301. 1002 Ayer, A.J. â€Å"Freedom and Necessity.† In the following paper I will talk about A.J. Ayer’s â€Å"Freedom and Necessity,† and I will explain the dilemma of determinism and Ayer’s compatibilist solution to it. I will explain some of the examples Ayer uses to explain the difference between cause and being constrained, and how both affect one’s free will. I will also discuss on why Ayer’s compatibilism solution to the dilemma is the best solution so far. According to A.J. Ayer, the problem of free will is the result from the conflict of two different assumptions, which are men acting freely while being morally responsible for their actions, and that human behavior comes from causal laws. Ayer begins by attacking the†¦show more content†¦No longer is this freedom vs. cause, but instead it is now viewed as caused vs. constrained. Caused is certain conditions obtain and something happens. Constrained is certain conditions obtain and something is compelled or forced to happen. Ayer us es an example of a common thief and a kleptomaniac to illustrate his point. He states that a thief makes his own decisions when stealing. The thief can stop himself from doing such crime and choose not to steal. The thief is then faced to be dealing with cause where freewill and moral responsibility apply. While a kleptomaniac suffers from such disease in which he has no choice when it comes to stealing. He is then faced to deal with constrained where freewill and moral responsibility do not apply. Both of these take place while containing determinism. So cause is part of freewill and not the opposite. There are objections that arrises to Ayer’s compatibilist solution. One is the invisible chains of causation objection. It states that all of our actions are constrained by causal laws. Ayer’s response to it is that the causes in both cases of the thief and the kleptomaniac are different. One is constrained while the other is entirely based on caused. Another objection is the all causes necessitate equally objection. It states: â€Å"For why should we distinguish, with regard to a persons freedom, between the operations of one sort of cause and those of another? Do not all causes equallyShow MoreRelated Free Will and Determinism of Ayer and Holbach Essay1811 Words   |  8 PagesDeterminism of Ayer and Holbach In respect to the arguments of Ayer and Holbach, the dilemma of determinism and its compatibility with that of free will are found to be in question. Holbach makes a strong case for hard determinism in his System of Nature, in which he defines determinism to be a doctrine that everything and most importantly human actions are caused, and it follows that we are not free and therefore haven’t any moral responsibility in regard to our actions. 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Principles of Health Care Quality Improvement

Question: Describe about the Principles of Health Care Quality Improvement. Answer: Tonsillectomy is one of the most frequently performed surgeries in children but an accurate determination of its indications demands broad research of the childs medical history, evaluation of vital information related to the surgery, and consideration of post-surgical complications (1). As a parent of a 3 years old one should look out for the indications for tonsillectomy. A wait-and-see approach can be considered for the child who suffers from few throat infections. But for severe recurrent tonsillitis talking with the doctor about the potential benefits of operation for the child as well as the expenses and dangers of the surgery is essential. For children with recurrent tonsillitis, tonsillectomy can significantly mend the quality of life. Enlarged tonsils can cause clogged upper air-passage and breathing difficulties. Surgery can help relieve these problems (1). As a parent, it is emotionally and physically draining to see a 3-year-old child in such pain. A common parameter for tonsillectomy is at least three documented episodes in each of the previous three years or five documented occurrences in each of the past two years or seven documented incidence of a throat infection in the former year with a fever higher than 100.9F. Physicians usually recommend surgery to eliminate tonsils when a child has recurrent infections of the tonsils that are triggering severe complications or are disturbing a child's quality of life. A decision about surgery should be made with the otolaryngologist and based on the child's health and well-being (2). For taking the verdict of tonsillectomy for a 3-year-old some of the following serious medical problems should be considered: Tonsillitis that persists longer than 3 months regardless of medicines Congested airways which can causesleep apnea Ache in swallowing Tonsils that bleed worryingly (3) In addition to the above conditions, a documentation of recurrent tonsillitis can be very useful to decide the need for tonsillectomy. Documentation for recurrent tonsillitis comprises the manifestation of a sore throat and outcomes from a doctors analysis of fever, tonsil size, tonsillar or pharyngeal erythema, cervical adenopathy, tonsillar exudate, microbiological examination results (positive culture for group A -haemolytic streptococcus) etc. Additional documentation includes absences from daycare, tiredness and spread of infection within the family (3). Both harms and benefits of the surgery should be considered before the decision is made. The two main preoperative risk factors are disordered breathing during sleep and coagulopathies. But with the help of modern medical science, these jeopardise can be easily overcome. The stated rates of postoperative haemorrhage needing blood transfusion diverge from 0% to 2.3%. Demises due to postoperative haemorrhage are not scientifically documented on an international level, and any data that have been published till now on this matter are mainly hypothetical (2). Evidence advises that the most frequently and severely affected children have decent improvement with tonsillectomy and a notable improvement in the quality of life. After surgery, the child may experience tiredness for quite a few days and then gradually becomes more energetic. The child should be capable of going back to daycare or school within 1-2 weeks and return to complete doings in 2-3 weeks (4). The decision of tonsillectomy for a toddler should be made considering the above facts. References Stuck BA, Windfuhr JP, Genzwrker H, Schroten H, Tenenbaum T, Gtte K. Die Tonsillectomy in children. Dtsch Arztebl. 2008;105(49):852-61. Schymik FA, Smith EM, Voepel-Lewis T. Parental Analgesic Knowledge and Decision Making for Children With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea After Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy. Pain Management Nursing. 2015 Dec 31;16(6):881-9. Goldstein NA, Stewart MG, Witsell DL, Hannley MT, Weaver EM, Yueh B, Smith TL, Orvidas LJ, TO TREAT Study Investigators. Quality of life after tonsillectomy in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2008 Jan 31;138(1):S9-16. Thong G, Davies K, Murphy E, Keogh I. Significant improvements in quality of life following paediatric tonsillectomy: a prospective cohort study. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-). 2016 Jan 18:1-7.